OWASP

Practice finding security vulnerabilities within ZAP or the Broken Web App by running SCA, SAST, DAST, IAST using open-source SonarQube, Sonatype, Synopsys and other tools

Overview

There are several websites which defines specific examples of insecure code turned secure:

OWASP (Open Web Application Security Project) Top 10 - 2017 PDF: is the result of a non-profit team.

OSSTMM (Open Source Security Testing Methodology Manual) v3 PDF updated every six months by the ISECOM (Institute for Security and Open Methodologies). It was developed in an open community, and subjected to peer and cross-disciplinary review. ISECOM’s PDF: Security Test Audit Report (STAR) is a standardized form to summarize results of a security or penetration test - providing precise calculations of the Attack Surface, details of what was tested and how, and indemnification for testing organization.:

Posture review
Logistics
Active Detection Verification
Visibility Audit
Access Verification
Trust Verification
Controls Verification
Process Verification
Configuration and Training Verification
Property Validation
Segregation Review
Exposure Verification
Competitive Intelligence Scouting
Quarantine Verification
Privileges Audit
Survivability Validation and Service Continuity
End Survey, Alert, and Log Review

OSSTMM has five channels or operational areas:

Human Security: The security of human interaction and communication is evaluated operationally as a means of testing
Physical Security: The OSSTMM tests physical security, defined as any tangible element of security that takes physical effort to operate
Wireless Communications: Electronic communications, signals, and emanations are all considered wireless communications that are part of the operational security testing
Telecommunications: Whether the telecommunication network is digital or analog, any communication conducted over telephone or network lines is tested in the OSSTMM
Data Networks: The security testing of data networks includes electronic systems and data networks that are used for communication or interaction via cable and wired network lines

PTES (Penetration Testing Execution Standard) in 2009 defined phases of a pen-test engagement:

The PTES Technical Guidelines is an “oldie but goodie” from 2014, but still has good wisdom.

OWASP items

YouTube videos from F5 DevCentral 2017 by John Wagnon (and Description from OWASP):

Also: Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF)

others

CWE Top 25

PCI DSS

MISRA®

CERT C/C++, CERT Java, CERT Python?

DISA STIG,

ISO 26262

ISO/IEC TS 17961

AUTOSAR®

API Security

API security has its own OWASP Top 10:

API1:2019 Broken Object Level Authorization

APIs tend to expose endpoints that handle object identifiers, creating a wide attack surface Level Access Control issue. Object level authorization checks should be considered in every function that accesses a data source using an input from the user.
API2:2019 Broken User Authentication

Authentication mechanisms are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise authentication tokens or to exploit implementation flaws to assume other user’s identities temporarily or permanently. Compromising system’s ability to identify the client/user, compromises API security overall.
API3:2019 Excessive Data Exposure

Looking forward to generic implementations, developers tend to expose all object properties without considering their individual sensitivity, relying on clients to perform the data filtering before displaying it to the user.
API4:2019 Lack of Resources & Rate Limiting

Quite often, APIs do not impose any restrictions on the size or number of resources that can be requested by the client/user. Not only can this impact the API server performance, leading to Denial of Service (DoS), but also leaves the door open to authentication flaws such as brute force.
API5:2019 Broken Function Level Authorization

Complex access control policies with different hierarchies, groups, and roles, and an unclear separation between administrative and regular functions, tend to lead to authorization flaws. By exploiting these issues, attackers gain access to other users’ resources and/or administrative functions.
API6:2019 Mass Assignment

Binding client provided data (e.g., JSON) to data models, without proper properties filtering based on a whitelist, usually lead to Mass Assignment. Either guessing objects properties, exploring other API endpoints, reading the documentation, or providing additional object properties in request payloads, allows attackers to modify object properties they are not supposed to.
API7:2019 Security Misconfiguration

Security misconfiguration is commonly a result of unsecure default configurations, incomplete or ad-hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, unnecessary HTTP methods, permissive Cross-Origin resource sharing (CORS), and verbose error messages containing sensitive information.
API8:2019 Injection

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, Command Injection, etc., occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker’s malicious data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.
API9:2019 Improper Assets Management

APIs tend to expose more endpoints than traditional web applications, making proper and updated documentation highly important. Proper hosts and deployed API versions inventory also play an important role to mitigate issues such as deprecated API versions and exposed debug endpoints.
API10:2019 Insufficient Logging & Monitoring

Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems to tamper with, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies demonstrate the time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.

There is also SAN’s Top 25 Software Errors that include Insecure Interaction Between Components, Risky Resource Management, and Porous Defenses

Additionally:

Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS)
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
Motor Industry Software Reliability Association (MISRA) C/C++ coding standards

Software Security Testing

IAST (Interactive App Security Testing) was invented by Checkmarx, which adds an agent running along the app to report to a central “Security Handler”.

DAST (Dynamic Application Security Testing)

DAST aims to expose security weaknesses by watching application behavior while user actions are performed by automated scripts in a test environment, where various combinations of input actions are tried.

The main targets of a DAST system involve what offers a front door to attackers: HTTP and HTML – protocols that drive the World Wide Web.

Among DAST tools: web app penetration testing tools:

A. The Zed Attack Proxy (ZAP) is offered free, and is actively maintained by hundreds of international volunteers. Use it to scan for security vulnerabilities in your web applications while you are developing and testing your applications.

web proxy

B. WebInspect from MicroFocus (formerly HP).

C. Burp Suite from Portswagger ($399/year Pro) with extensions, running on Kali Linux with FoxyProxy on Firefox, JPython, JRuby

D. Dirtbuster

E. VIDEO: ForAllSecure

SAST

SAST (Static App Security Testing) tools focus on scanning application source code for vulnerabilities in coding. Static Application Security Testing (SAST) vendors include:

Veracode
Perforce
http://www.castsoftware.com/
Checkmarx, which adds an agent running along the app to report to a central Security Handler, called Interactive App Security Testing (IAST).

Security tests should also cover the efficacy of Runtime Application Self-Protection (RASP) built within apps, rather than relying completely on the infrastructure Web Application Firewall (WAF).

Get sample broken app

Several apps were created to exhibit vulnerability issues, as examples for Static Code vulnerability assessment (SAST) utilities such as GitHub CodeQL, SonarQube, Fortify, etc.. Which utility catches the most issues?

CAUTION: Do not upload it to your hosting provider’s public html folder or any Internet facing servers, as they will be compromised.

So these apps should run only inside a guest machine within VirtualBox or VMware set to NAT networking mode.

CAUTION PROTIP: If you run ZAP against a server you don’t control, you are hacking that site.

Juice Shop

Perhaps the most modern sample vulnerabler web app is Juice Shop maintained by OWSAP by volunteers at https://juice-shop.herokuapp.com/ book: “Pwning OWASP Juice Shop” at https://bkimminich.gitbooks.io/pwning-owasp-juice-shop/content referencing code at https://github.com/bkimminich/juice-shop.

DVWA

Damn Vulnerable Web Application (DVWA) at http://dvwa.co.uk with code at https://github.com/ethicalhack3r/DVWA is a PHP/MySQL web application. So use XAMPP for its Apache web server and database.

BWA

Stand-up an instance of the BWA (Broken Web Application), a collection of intentionally vulnerable web applications distributed by OWASP in a Virtual Machine (VM) file used by Virtualbox, HyperV. VMware Workstation on Windows or VMware Fusion on Mac:

Instantiate a server. In Sep 2017 nested VT-x is supported on GCE, according to Paul R. Nash, Group Product Manager, Google Compute Engine.
Within a console on the server, download:
```
curl -O https://sourceforge.net/projects/owaspbwa/files/latest/download
```
The OWASP_Broken_Web_Apps_VM_1.2.7z file downloaded is 1.7 GB (big!) because it contains various apps in Ruby, PHP, WordPress, etc.

It’s briefly described at https://owaspbwa.org, which resolves to https://code.google.com/archive/p/owaspbwa/

Note it’s from 2015.
Unpack the 7z file. Navigate into the folder.
Double-click on file OWASP Broken Web Apps.vmx to open image in Virtualbox or VMWare workstation:

See Install video (music only, no dialog) [5:49]
Use it.

Video showing version 1.1.1 [21:53] by Chuck Willis shows how to use BWA to demonstrate occurance of “Top 10” vulnerabilities described by OWASP. Mutillidae:

http://www.concise-courses.com/infosec/owasp-broken-web-applications/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FOEFL8bbbCU [7:05]

Beyond 1.0 from 2013 Chuck Willis (@chuckatsf) describes BWA origins

Install proxy server

There are several ways to obtain and instantiate a proxy server.

SaaS

QUESTION: Who are SaaS vendors operating on public cloud?

From Docker Hub

For those working on public clouds:

Bring up Docker
In a Terminal,
Use the Docker image provided by the OWASP organization at https://hub.docker.com/r/owasp/zap2docker-stable/
```
docker pull owasp/zap2docker-stable
```
docker images say it’s 1.33GB.

Alternately, for use in CI environments:
```
docker pull owasp/zap2docker-bare
```
docker images say it’s 525 MB, which is a third of the stable edition.

The images above were created based on code at: https://github.com/zaproxy/zaproxy/tree/develop/build/docker

ZAP’s project leader is Simon Bennetts (@psilnon). His lecture on 2 Jun 2015 [59:59]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_MmDWenz-6U
Start ZAP in with xvfb (X virtual frame buffer) which allows add-ons that use Selenium (like the Ajax Spider and DOM XSS scanner) to run in a headless environment. Firefox is also installed so can be used with these add-ons.

Alternately: Start ZAP in headless mode with following command:
```
docker run -u zap -p 8080:8080 -i owasp/zap2docker-bare zap.sh -daemon -host 127.0.0.1 -port 8080
```

Blogs about this:

https://github.com/zaproxy/zaproxy/wiki/Docker

On private servers

Download

wget -q -O - https://github.com/zaproxy/zaproxy/releases/download/2.4.3/ZAP_2.4.3_Linux.tar.gz

CAUTION: Enterprise security should review this.
Un-tar

tar zxf - -C /opt ln -s /opt/ZAP_2.4.3 /opt/zap
Since ZAP does not come with a script, this script for Debian:

wget -q -O /etc/init.d/zap https://raw.githubusercontent.com/stelligent/zap/master/packer/roles/zap/files/zap-init.sh chmod 755 /etc/init.d/zap

Instantiate within Google Cloud

Browser Proxy Setup

In Chrome:

Menu > settings
Proxy

In Firefox:

Manu > Options
Advanced
Network tab
Connections > Settings
Clear “No Proxy for:” box

In Internet Explorer:

Tools
Internet options
Connections tab
Lan settings
Check proxy settings
Use http://localhost or http://127.0.0.1:8080 to reach the Proxy.
Automate settings:

In Firefox:

Menu > Add-ons (shift+command+A)
Click “See more Add-ins”
In “Search for add-ons” search box, type “foxy boxy basix”.
Select “FoxyProxy Standard”.
Click “+ Add to Firefox”.
Click “Add” in the pop-up.
Restart now.

Install Jenkins plugin

Blogs:

https://stelligent.com/2016/04/28/automating-penetration-testing-in-a-cicd-pipeline/
https://stelligent.com/2016/05/11/automating-penetration-testing-in-a-cicd-pipeline-part-2/

The plug-in is at:

https://wiki.jenkins.io/display/JENKINS/zap+plugin

ZAP is written in Java, so a Java SDK is needed to run it.

https://github.com/zapproxy/zapproxy/wiki/

ZAP UI OWASP

The drop-down at the upper-left corner of the ZAP UI provides for 4 modes:

Safe mode
Standard mode
Protected mode
Attack mode for sites you have permission to penetrate.
Click Quick Start to, on the Information window, input the URL to scan, starting with https.

The left pane Tree window provides the context history of URLs visited.
Run ZAP using the ‘standard’ zap.sh script.

There is also a zap-x.sh script which first starts xvfb (X virtual frame buffer) - this allows add-ons that use Selenium (like the Ajax Spider and DOM XSS scanner) to run in a headless environment.

ZAP scripts

The plugin:

Manage Sessions (Load or Persist)
Define Context (Name, Include URLs and Exclude URLs)
Attack Contexts (Spider Scan, AJAX Spider, Active Scan)

You can also:

Setup Authentication (Form Based or Script Based)
Run as Pre-Build as part of a Selenium Build
Generate Reports (.xhtml, .xml, .json)

Vendors

Sonatype

by TheDevOpsSchool Fundamental Tutorial for Beginners by Rajesh Kumar

SonarQube

Sonarqube

Other DAST vendors

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tools_for_static_code_analysis

Veracode Vulnerability Scanning Tools which only scans Java, were acquired on Nov 5 2018 from Broadcom by private equity firm Thoma Bravo who also funded Compuware and Dynatrace, Solar Winds and McAfee *
WebInspect from OpenText (formerly MicroFocus, formerly HP, formerly Mercury), a part of the Fortify suite, which consists of Fortify the SAST product.
Checkmarx.com, based in Israel, offers Codebashing, a developer education platform for secure coding training.
Synopsys.com [Wikipedia] acquired CodeDX, Black Duck, Coverity, and Cigital SecureAssist (a lightweight IDE plugin that points out common security vulnerabilities in real time).
IBM AppScan
Parasoft
Tenable.io by Nessus

SARIF

Static code analysis tool vendors have begun using the SARIF (Static Analysis Results Interchange Format) to publish results of their assessment of programming and style errors, non-compliance with legal requirements, and security vulnerabilities. The JSON-based format standard was published by industry group OASIS to provide a common output format to make it feasible for developers and teams to view, understand, interact with, and manage the results produced by several vendors.

The first version of the format was published in March 2020 as SARIF v2.1.0 to recognize Microsoft’s previous efforts and pre-standard versions. Its 220 pages in htm web page. Source code in pdf, docx, htm for the document is at:
Tutorial:

https://github.com/microsoft/sarif-tutorials
In Visual Studio Code, install the “Microsoft SARIF Viewer” from Microsoft Dev Labs.

Clone the sample SARIF file from

https://github.com/microsoft/sarif-tutorials

Load a sample SARIF file into the viewer within Microsoft Visual Studio Code. Examine details:
- The location of the flaw and code paths leading to it
- The rule violated
- The severity of the violation (severe to minor, “error,” “warning”, “note”)
- Suggestions for remedying the problem
- When it’s ok to ignore the result
Load sample SARIF files into Microsoft.

Cartey and Keaton, OASIS SARIF TC co-chairs, said that “The next major version of SARIF will expand our ability to aggregate data and detect vulnerabilities in some exciting new ways.”
Clone a folder containing workflow and sample known-bad Terraform file.

Generate SARIF Using the tfsec GitHub Action from almost blank repo:

name: Run tfsec sarif report
on:
  push:
branches: [main, 'release/*']
  pull_request:
jobs:
  tfsec:
name: tfsec sarif report
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
  - name: Clone repo
    uses: actions/checkout@main
   
  - name: Run sarif report
    uses: aquasecurity/tfsec-sarif-action@v0.1.0
    with:
      sarif_file: tfsec.sarif
   
  - name: Upload SARIF file
    uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@v1
    with:
      # Path to SARIF file relative to the root of the repository:
      sarif_file: tfsec.sarif

git checout -b add-workflow

Resources

VIDEO: Overview of the 2021 OWASP Top 10 by John Wagnon while he was at F5.

STAR: Daniel Miessler’s https://danielmiessler.com/projects/webappsec_testing_resources

Getting Started with OWASP Zed Attack Proxy (ZAP) for Web Application Penetration Testing 1h 40m video course 16 Feb 2017 by Mike Woolard

STAR: https://python-security.readthedocs.io/security.html

https://www.securecoding.com/blog/python-security-practices-you-should-maintain/

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